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41.
The Harvard CMT catalogue contains 481 shallow earthquakes that occurred between 1 January 1977 and 30 November 2005 within
a broad region defined by the geographical latitude from 3°S to 14°N and by the longitude from 91°E to 102°E. There are 230
events that occurred before the great earthquake of 26 December 2004. Their surface distribution is not uniform and the source
area of the 2004 great event appears as an area of seismic quiescence with a radius of about 100 km. There are 186 events
that occurred between the two great earthquakes of 26 December 2004 and 28 March 2005. Practically all of them are located
to the northwest from the great earthquake of 2005, that in turn was followed by 63 events, mostly located to the southeast.
The cumulative seismic moment from earthquakes before the occurrence of the great event of 2004 increased rather regularly
with time, with sudden increase about twenty years and two years before the occurrence of the great event. The seismic moment
of earthquakes between the two great events increased rapidly during the first ten-fifteen days, then flattened out and increased
slowly with time. After the great event of 2005 the seismic moment shows quiet increase during some 115 days, then sudden
jump, followed by very small activity till the end of our observations. From the spatial distribution of seismic moment of
earthquakes that occurred before the great event of 2004 it follows that its largest release appeared to the southeast from
the great event, around the rupture area of the great earthquake of 2005. The largest release of seismic moment from earthquakes
between the two great events is observed in the vicinity of the 2004 event and further up to the north. The seismic moment
from earthquakes that occurred after the great event of 2005 was mostly released in its vicinity and further down to the south. 相似文献
42.
Lightning discharges monitored by the SAFIR network system in Poland have been additionally identified over the 100×100 km
area near Warsaw by single-point independent recordings of electric field and Maxwell current rapid changes. The data collected
in summer thunderstorm days of 2002 showed some untypical properties of the lightning discharges which are rarely observed.
Especially remarkable was a number of ground multi-stroke flashes with the return strokes (RS) which transported to the earth
charges of opposite signs. Bipolar flashes (BF) of this kind were mostly involved in the events in which the nearby intracloud
(ic) and cloud-to-ground (c-g) discharges were very closely associated in time. Events of such a close collocation of two
different types of lightning discharges, previously called the complex lightning discharge events (CLDE), were quite often
observed during summer thunderstorms in Poland.
The events of this kind, i.e. 8 flashes, identified by the SAFIR detection system as BF’s present the multiple stroke flashes
of the mean horizontal separation distance between striking points of particular RS equal to (2.8 ± 2.1) km and of the mean
time interval between strokes of (46.8 ± 74.4) ms. The time separation between the observed BF and the adjacent ic flashes
was from 0.1 to 335 ms, and horizontal separation distance between them ranged from 1.8 to 14.5 km. The multiplicity of the
recorded BF’s ranged from 2 to 4 strokes. Four of these BF’s followed the ic discharge, but the other three preceded the ic
and one was alone with no close ic. 相似文献
43.
B. Offerle C. S. B. Grimmond K. Fortuniak K. Kłysik T. R. Oke 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2006,84(1-3):103-115
Summary Energy fluxes have been measured over an area near the centre of the city of Łódź, Poland, since November 2000. The site was
selected because the building style (surface cover and morphology) is typical of European cities, yet distinct from the majority
of cities where energy balance observations have been studied thus far. The multi-year dataset permits consideration of temporal
changes in energy balance partitioning over a wide range of seasonal and synoptic conditions and of the role of heat storage
and anthropogenic fluxes in the energy balance. Partitioning of net radiation into the turbulent fluxes is consistent in the
two years, with the largest differences occurring due to differing precipitation. The monthly ensemble diurnal cycles of the
turbulent fluxes over the two years are similar. The largest differences occur during the July–September period, and are attributable
to greater net radiation and lower rainfall in 2002. The latent heat flux accounts for approximately 40% of the turbulent
heat transfer on an annual basis. The average daily daytime Bowen ratio and its variability are slightly reduced during the
summer (growing) season. Anthropogenic heat is a significant input to the urban energy balance in the winter. The fluxes observed
in this study are consistent with results from other urban sites. 相似文献
44.
Summary Data from two automatic stations in Łódź (one urban and one rural) for the period 1997–2002 are analyzed to reveal urban–rural
contrasts of such parameters as air temperature, relative humidity, water vapour pressure and wind speed. Under favourable
weather conditions the highest temperature differences between the urban and rural station exceeds 8 °C. Relative humidity
is lower in the town, sometimes by more than 40%. Water vapour pressure differences can be either positive (up to 5 hPa) or
negative (up to −4 hPa). Wind speed at the urban station is on average lower by about 34% in night and 39% during daytime.
Regression analysis shows that for rural winds lower than 1.13 m s−1 urban winds can be stronger than rural speeds. Attention has also been paid to singularities in the course of the analyzed
parameters over 24 hour periods. It is shown that the typical course of the urban heat island intensity under favourable conditions
is similar in all season. Four stages of this course have been distinguished. Wind speed differences also seem to change in
a typical way. Case studies show that humidity contrasts, unlike temperature, can evolve in different ways under fine weather
conditions. Types of relative humidity evolution are proposed. 相似文献
45.
Leszek Marynowski Michał Zatoń Bernd R.T. Simoneit Angelika Otto Mariusz O. Jędrysek Cezary Grelowski Slawomir Kurkiewicz 《Applied Geochemistry》2007
The comprehensive biomarker characteristics from previously undescribed Middle Jurassic clays of Poland are presented. The molecular composition of the organic matter (OM) derived from clays of Aalenian to Callovian age has not changed significantly through time. High relative concentrations of many biomarkers typical for terrestrial material suggest a distinct dominance of OM derived from land plants. Increasing concentrations of C29-diaster-13(17)-enes towards the northern part of the basin indicate an increase in terrestrial input. This terrestrial material would have originated from the enhanced transport of organic matter from land situated at the northern bank of the basin, i.e., the Fennoscandian Shield. The organic matter was deposited in an oxic to suboxic environment, as indicated by relatively low concentrations of C33–C35 homohopanes, moderate to high Pr/Ph ratio values, an absence of compounds characteristic for anoxia and water column stratification, such as isorenieratane, aryl isoprenoids and gammacerane, as well as common benthic fauna and burrows. δ18O measurements from calcitic rostra of belemnites suggest that the mean value of the Middle Jurassic sea-water temperature of the Polish Basin was 13.1 °C. It is suggested that this mirrored the temperature of the lower water column because belemnites are considered here to be necto-benthic. The organic matter from the Middle Jurassic basin of Poland is immature. This is clearly indicated by a large concentration of biomarkers with the biogenic configurations, such as ββ-hopanes, hop-13(18)-enes, hop-17(21)-enes, diasterenes and sterenes. The identification of preserved, unaltered biomolecules like ferruginol, 6,7-dehydroferruginol and sugiol in Protopodocarpoxylon wood samples from these sediments present particularly strong evidence for the presence of immature OM in the Middle Jurassic sediments. Moreover, the occurrence of these polar diterpenoids is important due to the fact that they are definitely the oldest known natural products detected in geological samples. 相似文献
46.
Bart E. van Dongen Andrew P. Roberts Wei-Teh Jiang Richard D. Pancost 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2007,71(21):5155-5167
The biomarker compositions of iron sulfide nodules (ISNs; upper Pliocene Valle Ricca section near Rome, Italy) that contain the ferrimagnetic mineral greigite (Fe3S4) were examined. In addition to the presence of specific terrestrial and marine biomarkers, consistent with formation in coastal marine sediments, these ISNs contain compounds thought to originate from sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). These compounds include a variety of low-molecular-weight and branched alkanols and several non-isoprenoidal dialkyl glycerol diethers (DGDs). In addition, archaeal biomarkers, including archaeol, macrocyclic isoprenoidal DGDs and isoprenoidal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers are also present. Both SRB and archaeal lipid δ13C values are depleted in 13C (δ13C values are typically less than −50‰), which suggests that the SRB and archaea consumed 13C depleted methane. These biomarker and isotopic signatures are similar to those found in cold seeps and marine sediments where anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) occurs with sulfate serving as the terminal electron acceptor. Association of AOM with formation of greigite-containing ISNs could provide an explanation for documented remagnetization of the Valle Ricca sediments. Upward migration of methane, subsequent AOM and associated authigenic greigite formation are widespread processes in the geological record that have considerable potential to compromise paleomagnetic records. 相似文献
47.
48.
49.
Tourist farms in Lower Silesia, Poland 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stanisław Grykień 《GeoJournal》1998,46(3):279-281
In view of the small size of most Polish farms, attempts have been made to encourage diversification into rural tourism. The
paper examines the progress made in Lower Silesia which has good resources for domestic and international tourism. Thanks
to the promotional work of the Agricultural Consultative Centres over a hundred farms are now providing services. They do
not generate a large share of the farm income but business is expanding and some areas are becoming very popular. Thus a base
has been established for future expansion. Further development depends on easier access to credit and government support for
ecological agriculture. Better promotion is also needed to increase interest in rural tourism in Poland and attract more visitors
from abroad.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
50.
Gerhard Bart Mohammed Ikramuddin Michael E. Lipschutz 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1980,44(5):719-730
We report data for Ag, Bi, Cd, Co, Cs, Ga, In, Se, Te, Tl and Zn determined by neutron activation in Allende samples heated for one week at 100° increments in the 1000–1400°C range in a low pressure (initially 10?5atmH2) environment using an apparatus of novel design. In the extremes, concentrations of these trace elements—initially present at ppm-ppb levels—in unheated material are lowered even farther by factors of 10?4–10?5 over a broad temperature span. Loss of some elements above 1000°C extends trends evident below 1000°C; loss of others is even more extreme. On Arrhenius diagrams some elements exhibit but one apparent activation energy over the entire temperature span of loss while others exhibit 2 or 3, each operative in a particular temperature region. These discontinuities seem related to mineralogic/petrologic alteration and probably reflect differences in diffusion mechanism rather than siting differences. The extension of previous experiments into the temperature regime postulated for chondritic differentiation should lead to a better understanding of the evolution of meteoritic parent bodies. 相似文献